INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8) NNAAMMEE IINNSSTTAALLLL -- Installation procedure for NetBSD/macppc. CCOONNTTEENNTTSS About this Document............................................3 Quick install notes for the impatient..........................3 What is NetBSD?................................................5 Changes Between The NetBSD 3.1 release and 3.1.1 update........5 Supported devices...........................................5 Kernel......................................................5 Networking..................................................5 File system.................................................5 Security....................................................6 Miscellaneous...............................................6 alpha specific..............................................6 mac68k specific.............................................6 sparc specific..............................................6 xen specific................................................6 The Future of NetBSD...........................................7 Sources of NetBSD..............................................7 NetBSD 3.1.1 Release Contents..................................7 NetBSD/macppc subdirectory structure........................9 Binary distribution sets...................................10 NetBSD/macppc System Requirements and Supported Devices.......11 Supported models...........................................12 Unsupported models.........................................13 Supported devices..........................................13 Unsupported devices........................................15 Supported boot devices and media...........................16 Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media..................16 Preparing your System for NetBSD installation.................17 Prepare yourself...........................................17 Preparing your Open Firmware 3 System for NetBSD..............19 Updating your BootROM......................................19 Getting to Open Firmware 3.................................19 Setting up Open Firmware 3 to boot NetBSD..................20 Available Boot Media.......................................20 Partitioning your hard drive for NetBSD....................22 Preparing the Open Firmware 3 Bootable Media...............23 Creating the NetBSD/macppc CD-R.........................24 Preparing an HFS or HFS+ partition......................24 Preparing a custom hybrid HFS/ISO9660 CD-R..............24 Creating an MS-DOS disk.................................25 Preparing the netboot server............................25 Preparing a SCSI or IDE drive with the CD-R image.......30 Preparing your Open Firmware 1.x or 2.x System for NetBSD.....30 Getting to Open Firmware on Apple Network Servers..........30 Open Firmware 1 and 2 System Preparation...................31 Getting to Open Firmware (MacOS X or Darwin)...............32 Getting to Open Firmware (Best, MacOS 8 or 9)..............32 Getting to Open Firmware (Harder, MacOS 7, 8, or...........33 Getting to Open Firmware (Without using MacOS).............34 Setting up Open Firmware 1 and 2 to boot...................35 Available Boot Media.......................................36 Partitioning your hard drive for NetBSD....................37 Preparing the Open Firmware 1 or 2 Bootable Media..........39 Creating the NetBSD/macppc CD-R.........................39 Creating the NetBSD install floppies....................39 Creating a custom ISO9660 CD-R..........................40 Creating an MS-DOS disk.................................41 Preparing the netboot server............................41 Preparing a SCSI or IDE drive with the CD-R image.......46 Installing the NetBSD System..................................46 Open Firmware boot syntax..................................46 Examples of Open Firmware boot commands....................49 Booting the NetBSD/macppc install CD-R..................50 Booting the NetBSD install floppies.....................50 Booting an IDE or SCSI drive with an HFS partition......50 Booting a custom CD-ROM.................................51 Booting an MS-DOS floppy................................51 Booting over the ethernet...............................51 Booting an IDE or SCSI drive with 'partition zero'......52 Example of a normal boot...................................52 Common Problems and Error Messages.........................53 Black screen............................................53 Grey screen with flashing question mark.................53 Information on your screen seems garbled or out of sync.53 DEFAULT CATCH!..........................................54 CLAIM failed............................................54 can't OPEN..............................................54 unrecognized Client Program formatstate not valid.......54 bad partition number, using 0no bootable HFS partition..55 READ TIMEOUT@...........................................55 TFTP timeout............................................55 enet:,/netbsd.ram.gz: Inappropriate file type or format.55 Bootloader hangs before the copyright notice............55 Hang after configuring devices..........................55 Milestone..................................................56 Running the sysinst installation program...................56 Introduction............................................56 General.................................................56 Quick install...........................................56 Booting NetBSD..........................................57 Network configuration...................................57 Preparing a disk for Open Firmware 3 systems............58 Installation drive selection and parameters.............59 Partitioning the disk...................................59 Preparing your hard disk................................60 Getting the distribution sets...........................60 Installation using ftp..................................61 Installation using NFS..................................61 Installation from CD-ROM................................61 Installation from an unmounted file system..............61 Installation from a local directory.....................61 Extracting the distribution sets........................62 Making the device nodes.................................62 Finalizing your installation............................62 Finalizing Open Firmware settings..........................62 Booting NetBSD exclusively..............................63 Additional Open Firmware tips...........................63 Booting NetBSD and MacOS X or Darwin....................63 Booting NetBSD and MacOS 9 or earlier...................64 Other boot techniques...................................64 Post installation steps.......................................64 Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System................67 Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases............68 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 3.1 and older......68 Using online NetBSD documentation.............................68 Administrivia.................................................69 Thanks go to..................................................69 We are........................................................74 Legal Mumbo-Jumbo.............................................80 The End.......................................................86 DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN AAbboouutt tthhiiss DDooccuummeenntt This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 3.1.1 on the _m_a_c_p_p_c platform. It is available in four different formats titled _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._e_x_t, where _._e_x_t is one of _._p_s, _._h_t_m_l, _._m_o_r_e, or _._t_x_t: _._p_s PostScript. _._h_t_m_l Standard Internet HTML. _._m_o_r_e The enhanced text format used on UNIX -like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager utility programs. This is the format in which the on-line _m_a_n pages are generally pre- sented. _._t_x_t Plain old ASCII. You are reading the _m_o_r_e version. QQuuiicckk iinnssttaallll nnootteess ffoorr tthhee iimmppaattiieenntt This section contains some brief notes describing what you need to install NetBSD 3.1.1 on a machine of the macppc architecture. ++oo Fetch the files necessary to boot your system. The files depend on what model you are using and how you plan to boot your machine. For systems with built-in floppy drives (Open Firmware 1 or 2), fetch the pair of boot floppy images _m_a_c_p_p_c_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_f_l_o_p_p_y_/_b_o_o_t_1_._f_s and _m_a_c_p_p_c_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_f_l_o_p_p_y_/_b_o_o_t_2_._f_s, which include the bootloader and installation kernel. For systems without floppy drives (most are Open Firmware 3), fetch the bootloader _m_a_c_p_p_c_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f and the installation kernel _m_a_c_p_p_c_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_k_e_r_n_e_l_/_n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z. If you have a CD-R, you can fetch the CD image, _m_a_c_p_p_c_c_d_._i_s_o. Alternatively, you may netboot the installation kernel. This process is covered below, in detail. ++oo The actual binary distribution is in the _m_a_c_p_p_c_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s_/ direc- tory. When you boot the install kernel from floppies, hard drive, or CD-ROM, the installation program can fetch these files for you (using e.g. ftp), if you have a network connection. There are several other methods to get the binary sets onto your machine. You will at a minimum need the following sets: _k_e_r_n_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._t_g_z, _b_a_s_e_._t_g_z and _e_t_c_._t_g_z. In a typical workstation installation you will probably want all the installation sets. ++oo If your macppc has a floppy drive, create the pair of boot floppies using ssuunnttaarr (MacOS 9), rraawwrriittee (Windows), or dddd (any UNIX -like sys- tem with floppy support). If your system has Open Firmware 3, drag _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f and _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z to your hard drive icon (the top level of the drive, not the desktop). If you are using the CD image, burn it now. The disk(s) you just prepared will be used to boot the installation kernel, which contains all the tools required to install NetBSD. ++oo Determine your machine's model, quirks, and Open Firmware version from the NetBSD/macppc Model Support webpage. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//PPoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//mmooddeellss..hhttmmll At present, NetBSD/macppc cannot exist on the same hard drive as Mac OS unless you partition your disk before running the installer. Open Firmware versions prior to 3 require a dedicated NetBSD drive -- you must use the entire disk, partitioned with the installation tools. Open Firmware version 3 cannot boot into NetBSD on a drive parti- tioned with the installation tools, you must partition your disk before running the installer, then select the ``RRee--iinnssttaallll sseettss oorr iinnssttaallll aaddddiittiioonnaall sseettss'' option in the installer (selecting the ``IInnssttaallll NNeettBBSSDD ttoo hhaarrdd ddiisskk'' or ``UUppggrraaddee NNeettBBSSDD oonn aa hhaarrdd ddiisskk'' options will render your drive unbootable). If you are unsure, you may want to read the section below on _P_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _h_a_r_d _d_r_i_v_e _f_o_r _N_e_t_B_S_D ++oo For systems with Open Firmware versions prior to 3, you may need to use Apple's System Disk utility to enter Open Firmware and use your screen and keyboard. To enter Open Firmware, hold down the COMMAND-OPTION-O-F keys after the boot chime starts, but before the chime ends. Entering Open Firmware versions prior to 3 is usually the most frustrating part of installation -- you may want to read the section below on _O_l_d_e_r _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _S_y_s_t_e_m _P_r_e_p_a_r_a_t_i_o_n You should have the Open Firmware ``_0 '' prompt on your screen before attempting to boot NetBSD/macppc. ++oo At the Open Firmware prompt, type the command to boot. To boot from the installation floppies, the command is ``bboooott ffdd::00''. For the install kernel and bootloader on your hard drive (Open Firmware 3), the command is ``bboooott hhdd::,,\\ooffwwbboooott..xxccff nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC__MMDD..ggzz''. For boot CDs, the command is something like ``bboooott ccdd::,,\\ooffwwbboooott..xxccff nneettbbssdd..mmaaccppppcc'' (for Open Firmware 3) or ``bboooott ssccssii--iinntt//ssdd@@33::00 NNEETTBBSSDD..MMAACCPPPPCC'' (for earlier Open Firmware versions). You will need to use the correct case for OOFFWWBBOOOOTT..XXCCFF and NNEETTBBSSDD..MMAACCPPPPCC depending on how your version of Open Firmware interprets the ISO file system. You may need to replace ccdd with ssccssii//ssdd@@33 ,, ssccssii--iinntt//ssdd@@33 ,, aattaa//aattaappii--ddiisskk ,, or some other device alias. You should also use the Open Firmware ddiirr command to confirm that the NetBSD/macppc kernel is called _N_E_T_B_S_D_._M_A_C_P_P_C. You may want to read the section below on _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _b_o_o_t _s_y_n_t_a_x ++oo For third-party programs which are not part of the base NetBSD dis- tribution, you will want to explore the ppkkggssrrcc system with its more than 5400 program packages. WWhhaatt iiss NNeettBBSSDD?? The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UNIX -like operating system derived from the University of California, Berkeley Net- working Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on fifty four different system architectures (ports), featuring sev- enteen machine architectures across fifteen distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 3.1.1 release contains complete binary releases for many different system architectures. (A few ports are not fully supported at this time and are thus not part of the binary distri- bution. For information on them, please see the NetBSD web site at _._: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//) NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly por- table, high performance kernel, NetBSD features a complete set of user utilities, compilers for several languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet community. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, it's likely that NetBSD wouldn't exist. CChhaannggeess BBeettwweeeenn TThhee NNeettBBSSDD 33..11 rreelleeaassee aanndd 33..11..11 uuppddaattee The NetBSD 3.1.1 update is the first security/critical update of the NetBSD 3.1 release branch. This represents a selected subset of fixes deemed critical in nature for stability or security reasons. These fixes will also appear in future releases (NetBSD 3.2 etc), together with other less-critical fixes and feature enhancements. Specific updates are as follows: _S_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _d_e_v_i_c_e_s ++oo wd(4): fix broken Seagate drive ST3160811A. _K_e_r_n_e_l ++oo Don't accept a compressed vnd(4) image with block size 0 to avoid a kernel panic. _N_e_t_w_o_r_k_i_n_g ++oo Fix get-lease-hostnames option in dhcpd.conf(5) to make dhcpd(8) use the DNS hostname as the DHCP hostname given to the client. ++oo Fix TCP window scaling in ipfilter(4). _F_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m ++oo Prevent a kernel panic when creating snapshots on filesystems which use quota's. ++oo Fix a coredump in dump(8) when using -X (filesystem internal snap- shots). ++oo Fix a panic when one user has 65536 active vnodes on a quota-enabled file system. _S_e_c_u_r_i_t_y ++oo Fix a buffer overflow in glob(3), which affected ftpd(8) and possibly other programs (SA2006-027). ++oo X11: fix an integer overflow in the Render and DBE extensions (SA2007-002). ++oo BIND: fix multiple Denial of Service vulnerabilities (SA2007-003). ++oo Fix a buffer overflow in iso(4) which could potentially lead to a local root compromise (SA2007-004). ++oo Fix an integer underflow in file(1) which could lead to an exploitable heap overflow. ++oo X11: fix a number of possible memory corruptions due to integer over- flows (CVE 2007-1003, 1351, 1352, 1667). ++oo Fix a denial of service vulnerability in racoon(8) which could allow an attacker to disrupt a connection between IPSec peers. ++oo Disable processing or routing header type 0 (RH0) IPv6 packets since they can be used for DoS attacks (CVE-2007-2242). Provide a sysctl (net.inet6.ip6.rht0) to re-enable them. Note: the sysctl may be removed completely in future NetBSD releases. ++oo Two veriexec(4) flaws have been fixed: users can no longer rename a file to a veriexec protected file or run unfingerprinted files at strict level two or above. ++oo file(1) has been updated to version 4.21, including and integer underflow and an integer overflow fix (CVE-2007-1536 and CVE-2007-2799). _M_i_s_c_e_l_l_a_n_e_o_u_s ++oo Fix some problems with etcupdate(8) for upgrading. ++oo Update time zoneinfo to tzdata2007f. ++oo Set /etc/postfix/post-install mode 555 (executable) instead of 444. ++oo passwd(1): display a message indicating who's password is being changed, to avoid confusion after su(1). ++oo The /etc/daily, weekly, monthly and security scripts now use $TMPDIR instead of /tmp. _a_l_p_h_a _s_p_e_c_i_f_i_c ++oo Fix alignment problems causing regular panics on NetBSD/alpha and NetBSD/sparc. _m_a_c_6_8_k _s_p_e_c_i_f_i_c ++oo Avoid a kernel panic before reboot. _s_p_a_r_c _s_p_e_c_i_f_i_c ++oo Fix alignment problems causing regular panics on NetBSD/alpha and NetBSD/sparc. _x_e_n _s_p_e_c_i_f_i_c ++oo Prevent xennet from occasionally becoming unable to receive packets for several minutes when under certain types of load. ++oo Don't try to handle xbd interrupts if the device is not yet con- nected, to fix a Xen3 xbd panic at boot when more than one xbd device is configured. ++oo Fix Xen console hangs. ++oo Fix occasional panics in NetBSD domU's caused by a race condition. ++oo Avoid block I/O stalls in Xen 3 guests on SMP systems. This is the fifth major release of NetBSD for the macppc platform, including the Apple eMac, iBook, iMac, PowerMacintosh, PowerBook, and Xserve models, as well as clones. NetBSD 3.1.1 on macppc is, as usual, also fully backward compatible with old NetBSD/macppc binaries, so you don't need to recompile all your local programs provided you set the appropriate binary compatibility options in your kernel configuration. TThhee FFuuttuurree ooff NNeettBBSSDD The NetBSD Foundation has been incorporated as a non-profit organization. Its purpose is to encourage, foster and promote the free exchange of com- puter software, namely the NetBSD Operating System. The foundation will allow for many things to be handled more smoothly than could be done with our previous informal organization. In particular, it provides the framework to deal with other parties that wish to become involved in the NetBSD Project. The NetBSD Foundation will help improve the quality of NetBSD by: ++oo providing better organization to keep track of development efforts, including co-ordination with groups working in related fields. ++oo providing a framework to receive donations of goods and services and to own the resources necessary to run the NetBSD Project. ++oo providing a better position from which to undertake promotional activities. ++oo periodically organizing workshops for developers and other interested people to discuss ongoing work. We intend to begin narrowing the time delay between releases. Our ambi- tion is to provide a full release every six to eight months. We hope to support even _m_o_r_e hardware in the future, and we have a rather large number of other ideas about what can be done to improve NetBSD. We intend to continue our current practice of making the NetBSD-current development source available on a daily basis. We intend to integrate free, positive changes from whatever sources sub- mit them, providing that they are well thought-out and increase the usability of the system. Above all, we hope to create a stable and accessible system, and to be responsive to the needs and desires of NetBSD users, because it is for and because of them that NetBSD exists. SSoouurrcceess ooff NNeettBBSSDD Refer to _._: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmiirrrroorrss// NNeettBBSSDD 33..11..11 RReelleeaassee CCoonntteennttss The root directory of the NetBSD 3.1.1 release is organized as follows: _._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_3_._1_._1_/ CHANGES Changes since earlier NetBSD releases. LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes. MIRRORS A list of sites that mirror the NetBSD 3.1.1 distribution. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. TODO NetBSD 's todo list (also somewhat incomplete and out of date). _p_a_t_c_h_e_s_/ Post-release source code patches. _s_o_u_r_c_e_/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one directory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which NetBSD 3.1.1 has a binary distribution. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the _s_o_u_r_c_e subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source distribution sets are as follows: ggnnuussrrcc This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. _7_9 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _3_6_7 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d ppkkggssrrcc This set contains the ``pkgsrc'' sources, which contain the in- frastructure to build third-party packages. _2_4 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _2_0_0 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d sshhaarreessrrcc This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associated with any particular program; the sources for the typesettable document set; the dictionaries; and more. _5 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _2_0 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d ssrrcc This set contains all of the base NetBSD 3.1.1 sources which are not in ggnnuussrrcc, sshhaarreessrrcc, or ssyyssssrrcc. _3_7 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _1_7_6 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d ssyyssssrrcc This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 3.1.1 kernel for all architectures; config(8); and dbsym(8). _2_6 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _1_4_0 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d xxssrrcc This set contains the sources to the X Window System. _8_4 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _4_5_0 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d All the above source sets are located in the _s_o_u_r_c_e_/_s_e_t_s subdirectory of the distribution tree. The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. Except for the ppkkggssrrcc set, which is traditionally unpacked into _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c, all sets may be unpacked into _/_u_s_r_/_s_r_c with the command: # (( ccdd // ;; ttaarr --zzxxppff -- )) sseett__nnaammee..ttggzz In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory: BSDSUM Historic BSD checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cckkssuumm --oo 11 _f_i_l_e. CKSUM POSIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cckkssuumm _f_i_l_e. MD5 MD5 digests for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cckkssuumm --mm _f_i_l_e. SYSVSUM Historic ATT System V UNIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cckkssuumm --oo 22 _f_i_l_e. The MD5 digest is the safest checksum, followed by the POSIX checksum. The other two checksums are provided only to ensure that the widest pos- sible range of system can check the integrity of the release files. _N_e_t_B_S_D_/_m_a_c_p_p_c _s_u_b_d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y _s_t_r_u_c_t_u_r_e The macppc-specific portion of the NetBSD 3.1.1 release is found in the _m_a_c_p_p_c subdirectory of the distribution: _._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_3_._1_._1_/_m_a_c_p_p_c_/. It contains the following files and directories: _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._h_t_m_l _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._p_s _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._t_x_t _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._m_o_r_e Installation notes in various file formats, including this file. The _._m_o_r_e file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display. _b_i_n_a_r_y_/ _k_e_r_n_e_l_/ _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._g_z A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for everything supported in this release. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._M_P_._g_z A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for everything supported in this release. This kernel also supports SMP on systems with more than one CPU. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for everything supported in this release. It also has a RAM-disk installer. This is the kernel you should use when you want to install via netboot, from a CD-R, or an HFS parti- tion on Open Firmware 3 systems. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._g_z A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code only for Open Firmware 1.0.5, 1.1.22, 2.0.x, and 2.4 systems (i.e. those that have floppy drives). It has a RAM-disk installer. _s_e_t_s_/ macppc binary distribution sets; see below. _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/ _f_l_o_p_p_y_/_b_o_o_t_1_._f_s _f_l_o_p_p_y_/_b_o_o_t_2_._f_s macppc boot and installation floppy images. The first is the bootloader and kernel. The second image has the installation tools. Only usable on models that ship with a floppy drive (pre-Open Firmware 3); see below. _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f macppc bootloader; see below. _B_i_n_a_r_y _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s The NetBSD macppc binary distribution sets contain the binaries which comprise the NetBSD 3.1.1 release for the macppc. The binary distribu- tion sets can be found in the _m_a_c_p_p_c_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s subdirectory of the NetBSD 3.1.1 distribution tree, and are as follows: bbaassee The NetBSD 3.1.1 macppc bbaassee binary distribution. You _m_u_s_t install this distribution set. It contains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be mini- mally functional. It includes shared library support, and excludes everything described below. _1_9 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _5_3 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d ccoommpp Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (_/_u_s_r_/_i_n_c_l_u_d_e) and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the bbaassee set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. _2_3 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _8_3 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d eettcc This distribution set contains the system configuration files that reside in _/_e_t_c and in several other places. This set _m_u_s_t be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should _n_o_t be used if you are upgrading. _1 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _1 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d ggaammeess This set includes the games and their manual pages. _3 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _8 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC This set contains a NetBSD/macppc 3.1.1 GENERIC kernel named _/_n_e_t_b_s_d. You _m_u_s_t install this distribution set. _3 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _6 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC..MMPP This set contains a NetBSD/macppc 3.1.1 GENERIC.MP kernel, which will use multiple processors (if present), named _/_n_e_t_b_s_d. _3 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _6 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d mmaann This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the bbaassee set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets. _8 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _3_0 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d mmiisscc This set includes the (rather large) system dictionaries, the typesettable document set, and other files from _/_u_s_r_/_s_h_a_r_e. _3 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _9 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d tteexxtt This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages. _2 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _7 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibility. These sources are based on XFree86, and tightly track XFree86 releases. They are currently equivalent to XFree86 4.4.0. Binary sets for the X Window System are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are: xxbbaassee The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers. _7 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _1_9 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d xxccoommpp The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code. _1_3 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _4_4 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d xxffoonntt Fonts needed by X. _3_1 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _3_9 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d xxeettcc Configuration files for X which could be locally modified. _0_._0_3 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _0_._1_7 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d xxsseerrvveerr The X server. This includes both the XFree86 and Xmacppc servers. The XFree86 server supports acceleration, switchable resolutions and bit-depths. This server supports only known video cards, such as ATI and Nvidia and can be difficult to configure. The Xmacppc server supports all on-board video and Open Firmware-compatible video cards. Acceleration and depths greater than 256 colors are not supported. See the X11 FAQ for help using X on macppc systems. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//PPoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//xx1111..hhttmmll _1_0 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _2_7 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d The macppc binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension ..ttggzz, e.g. _b_a_s_e_._t_g_z. The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the filenames stored in the sets are relative and therefore the files are extracted _b_e_l_o_w _t_h_e _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y. Therefore, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the ttaarr --xxppff command from the root directory ( _/ ) of your system. This utility is used only in a Traditional method installation. _N_o_t_e_: Each directory in the macppc binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source distribution does. NNeettBBSSDD//mmaaccppppcc SSyysstteemm RReeqquuiirreemmeennttss aanndd SSuuppppoorrtteedd DDeevviicceess Currently, NetBSD/macppc requires the use of Open Firmware to boot. Open Firmware is a command environment using the FORTH language. The NetBSD kernel uses Open Firmware to gather information about your system and to control some of your devices. It is part of the boot ROMs in most PowerPC-based Macintosh systems. Until late 1996, Apple never intended to use Open Firmware for anything other than internal debugging and hard- ware support. It was not intended to be used to boot an operating sys- tem. This is why earlier machines have so much trouble with Open Firmware. This also means that PowerMacs and clones that lack Open Firmware cannot boot NetBSD on the macppc platform. Most machines intro- duced by Apple and the clone-makers after August 17, 1995 have Open Firmware and are supported. Apple made several revisions of this Open Firmware environment, and each has various quirks and problems that we must work around. The single hardest step of installing NetBSD/macppc is to set up Open Firmware prop- erly. Open Firmware versions 1.0.5 and 2.0.x act similarly and the same set of instructions applies to them. Open Firmware version 2.4 is slightly different with regards to booting. Open Firmware version 3 is altogether different, but easier to set up for NetBSD. At present, NetBSD/macppc does not support the PPC 601 microprocessor, which means that the PowerMacintosh 7200 and 7500 models are not sup- ported. The PowerMacintosh 7500 may be upgraded to a PPC 604, G3 or G4 microprocessor via a daughtercard replacement, in which case NetBSD will run on this system. The minimal configuration requires 16 MB of RAM and ~80 MB of disk space. To install the entire system requires 200 MB plus space for the swap par- tition (usually the RAM size, unless you've got a lot of RAM). To install X, an additional 60 MB disk space is required, as is more RAM (at least 32 MB). NetBSD with 16 MB of RAM is very slow. Until you have around 32 MB of RAM, getting more RAM is more important than getting a faster CPU. _S_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _m_o_d_e_l_s Find your model from the list below and take note of its Open Firmware version: _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1_._0_._5 ++oo Apple PowerMacintosh (7300, 7500 (with CPU upgrade), 7600, 8500, 8600, 9500, and 9600) ++oo Apple Workgroup Server 8550 ++oo Power Computing (PowerCenter, PowerCenter Pro, PowerCurve, PowerTower, PowerTower Pro, and PowerWave) ++oo UMAX (J700, S900) _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1_._1_._2_2 ++oo Apple Network Server (500 and 700) _N_o_t_e_: Users have reported that the NetBSD kernel does not work well with the on-board MACE-based ethernet (the one that requires an Apple AAUI dongle). If your system does not have the Apple PCI Ethernet Card, you may need to purchase and install another ether- net card in your Apple Network Server. _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _2_._0_._x ++oo Apple PowerBook (2400, 3400, G3, and G3 Series) ++oo Apple PowerMacintosh/Performa (4400, 54xx, 5500, 6300/160, 6360, 6400, and 6500) ++oo Apple PowerMacintosh (G3 ``Beige'' models with ATI RageII+: Desktop, Mini Tower, and All-in-One) ++oo APS Tech (M*Power 604e/200) ++oo Motorola StarMax (3000, 4000, 5000, and 5500) ++oo Power Computing (PowerBase) ++oo UMAX (Apus 2000, Apus 3000, C500, and C600) _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _2_._4 ++oo Apple PowerMacintosh (G3 ``Beige'' models with ATI Rage Pro: Desktop, Mini Tower, and All-in-One) _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _3 ++oo Apple original iBook, iBook SE, iBook (Dual USB), iBook (Late 2001), iBook (16VRAM), iBook (Opaque 16 VRAM), iBook (32 VRAM), iBook (14.1 LCD 32 VRAM), and iBook G4 ++oo Apple iMac; Bondi Blue (Rev A and Rev B, 233 MHz), 5 Fla- vors (Rev C and Rev D, 266 MHz and 333 MHz), iMac (Slot Loading), iMac (Summer 2000), iMac (Early 2001), iMac (Sum- mer 2001), and iMac (USB 2.0) ++oo Apple original eMac and eMac (ATI Graphics) ++oo Apple PowerBook (G3 Series (bronze keyboard) and G3 (FireWire)) ++oo Apple PowerBook (G4 (Titanium), G4 (Gigabit Ethernet), G4 (DVI), G4 (12-inch), G4 (17-inch), G4 (12-inch DVI)) ++oo Apple PowerMacintosh G3 (Blue and White) ++oo Apple PowerMacintosh (G4 (PCI), G4 (AGP), G4 (Gigabit Eth- ernet), G4 (Digital Audio), G4 (Quicksilver), G4 (Quicksil- ver 2002), G4 (Mirrored Drive Doors), G4 (FW 800), and G4 Cube) ++oo Apple original Xserve and Xserve (Slot Load) _U_n_s_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _m_o_d_e_l_s ++oo Systems with Open Firmware, but using a PPC 601 microprocessor (PowerMacintosh 7200 and 7500 (without CPU upgrade)) ++oo Systems with Open Firmware, but using a PPC G5 microprocessor ++oo Systems with a PowerPC microprocessor, but lacking Open Firmware -- Apple PowerBook (1400, 2300, and 5300) -- Apple PowerMacintosh/Performa (52xx, 53xx, 62xx, and 63xx (except 6300/160 and 6360 which are supported)) -- Apple PowerMacintosh/Performa (61xx, 71xx, and 81xx) -- PowerComputing (Power 100 and Power 120) ++oo Systems with broken Open Firmware (Twentieth Anniversary Macin- tosh) ++oo Systems with a Motorola 68k microprocessor (these systems are supported by NetBSD/mac68k) ++oo Systems upgraded from any of the above (unless the motherboard is replaced as part of the upgrade) ++oo Systems released in late 2004 and later (future releases of NetBSD/macppc will support these systems) ++oo Systems released before late 2004, but not listed above. These models might work, but have not been tested as of the release of NetBSD 3.1.1. _S_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _d_e_v_i_c_e_s ++oo CPU upgrades -- Only one CPU in a multiprocessor system is supported with the GENERIC kernel. All CPUs are supported with the GENERIC.MP kernel. -- Most CPU upgrades are supported. Some older models will not automatically enable the L2 and/or L3 caches on a G3 or G4 processor. See the FAQ entry hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//PPoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##ccppuu--uuppggrraaddee ++oo Ethernet -- On-board 79C950-based MACE Ethernet interface (_m_c_0) -- On-board bmac Ethernet interface (_b_m_0) -- On-board gmac Ethernet interface (_g_e_m_0) -- Apple PCI Ethernet Card (option for Apple Network Server) (_t_l_p) -- Asante Mac 10/100 PCI Rev A, part number 09-00169-01 (_t_l_p) -- Farallon Fast EtherTX 10/100, part number PN996L-TX (_t_l_p) -- SMC Etherpower II (9432TX) (_e_p_i_c) -- SMC 83c170 (_e_p_i_c) -- 3Com 3c905 (_e_x) -- Intel EtherExpress PRO/10+ PCI LAN Adapter (_f_x_p) -- Realtek 8029 Ethernet (_n_e) -- VIA Technologies VT86C926 (_n_e) -- D-Link DFE-530TX+ (_r_t_k) -- Realtek 8139 (_r_t_k) -- Netgear FA-311 (_s_i_p) -- Lite-On PNIC (_t_l_p) -- D-Link DFE-530TX (_v_r) -- Many other PCI and Cardbus Ethernet interfaces, such as Tulip-compatible (_t_l_p), 3Com (_e_p), SMC (_e_p_i_c), Intel (_f_x_p), NE2000-compatible (_n_e), and Realtek (_r_t_k) -- Many USB Ethernet interfaces (_a_u_e, _c_u_e, and _k_u_e) ++oo Wireless -- On-board AirPort or AirMac 802.11b (_w_i) -- AT&T/Lucent WaveLan IEEE PCMCIA card (_w_i) ++oo SCSI -- On-board NCR 53c94 SCSI controller (_e_s_p) -- On-board MESH SCSI controller (_m_e_s_h) -- Adaptec PCI controllers 291x, 2920, 2930C, 294x, 295x, 39xx, 19160, 29160 and AIC-78xx (_a_h_c) _N_o_t_e_: The 294x models are not bootable in Open Firmware, even though they can boot MacOS 9 and earlier. -- AdvanSys 1200[A,B], 9xx[U,UA] SCSI controller (_a_d_v) -- AMD 53c974 (_p_c_s_c_p) -- Apple 53c875 Ultra Wide SCSI (shipped in some Beige G3 mod- els) (_n_c_r or _s_i_o_p) _N_o_t_e_: This card may need a firmware update to boot NetBSD. Use the Mac OS X SCSI Card Updater from hhttttpp::////ddooccss..iinnffoo..aappppllee..ccoomm//aarrttiiccllee..hhttmmll??aarrttnnuumm==2255117766 -- NCR/Symbios 53C8xx (_s_i_o_p or _e_s_i_o_p) -- Many other PCI SCSI controllers should work, but no one has tried them -- Most SCSI disk/tape/CD-ROM devices should work ++oo IDE -- On-board IDE controllers -- Promise Ultra66 (_p_c_i_i_d_e) (this, and other PC-based cards are not bootable on macppc) -- Acard ATP-850/860 based IDE controllers (_p_c_i_i_d_e) (including the Acard AEC-6210/6260 and the Sonnet Tempo ATA/66 cards) -- Some other PCI IDE controllers should work, although no one has had much success -- Most IDE disk/CD-ROM/ATAPI devices should work ++oo Input devices -- Most ADB keyboards, mice, trackballs, and trackpads -- Most USB keyboards, mice, trackballs, and trackpads -- Most PS/2 keyboards, mice, and trackballs (middle button on 3-button mice may not work) ++oo Video -- On-board video on most models (_o_f_b) _N_o_t_e_: Several models have been reported to not work with NetBSD if the on-board video is in use, such as the Performa 54xx, 6360, 6400, PowerComputing Power- Center and PowerTower, and UMAX C600 and Apus 3000. Also, the video card that shipped with the PowerMac- intosh 9500/150, 9500/180, and 9500/200 systems is reported to have the same problem. -- PCI frame buffers which have Open Firmware support (ATI, IMS, Matrox, and NVIDIA have several models which work) ++oo Audio -- On-board audio on most models (_a_w_a_c_s) _N_o_t_e_: This driver has only recently been introduced and is considered ``experimental'' meaning that it may cause your system to crash and/or is lacking some features you may expect. Due to interrupt conflicts with some G4 models, this driver is disabled by default and you will need to build a kernel with it enabled. -- USB audio devices (_u_a_u_d_i_o) -- PCI audio cards, although only the Ensoniq AudioPCI (_e_a_p) has been thoroughly tested ++oo Serial ports NetBSD/macppcrefers to the on-board serial ports as (_t_t_y_0_0) and (_t_t_y_0_1). Firmware uses the names listed below. -- On-board serial ports (the modem and printer ports) (_t_t_y_a and _t_t_y_b) _t_t_y_a is the mini-DIN 8 serial port with the `Modem' icon, and _t_t_y_b is has the `Printer' icon. Some models with internal modems have the serial port with the `Modem' icon covered over, and the modem is _t_t_y_a. _N_o_t_e_: The on-board serial ports can be used for console (38400 bps, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no hand- shaking), although many users have reported problems trying to run ppp or other high speed serial appli- cations -- The Xserve serial port. _N_o_t_e_: This serial port can be used for console (57600 bps, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no handshaking). Use (_s_c_c_a) for the Open Firmware `input-device' and `output-device' variables. Alternatively, if you remove your video card, Open Firmware will default to using the serial port for the console. -- The Gee Three Stealth Serial Port, possibly the Griffin Technology gPort _N_o_t_e_: These serial ports can be used for console (57600 bps, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no handshaking). Use (_s_c_c_a) for the Open Firmware `input-device' and `output-device' variables. -- Some USB, PCI, and Cardbus serial ports should work, but no one has tried them ++oo USB devices -- Most MI USB devices should work (such as disks, printers, input devices, SCSI adapters, and ethernet interfaces) hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//HHaarrddwwaarree//uussbb..hhttmmll ++oo PCMCIA and Cardbus cards -- Most MI PCMCIA and Cardbus cards should work, although very few have been tested with NetBSD/macppc hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//HHaarrddwwaarree//ccaarrddbbuuss..hhttmmll hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//HHaarrddwwaarree//ppccmmcciiaa..hhttmmll ++oo PCI cards -- Most MI PCI cards should work, although very few have been tested with NetBSD/macppc hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//HHaarrddwwaarree//ppccii..hhttmmll _N_o_t_e_: While the NetBSD kernel may support the various Cardbus, PCI, PCMCIA, and USB devices you may have, Open Firmware does _n_o_t unless it has a specific Open Firmware ROM. This means you cannot boot from these devices. Some Adaptec SCSI controllers have bootable Open Firmware ROMs. _U_n_s_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _d_e_v_i_c_e_s ++oo Floppy disk _N_o_t_e_: Though NetBSD/macppc can boot from a floppy, there is no kernel support yet ++oo FireWire (IEEE 1394) ++oo Advanced power management (cannot put system to `sleep') ++oo Full wscons capabilities, such as virtual terminals and color text ++oo On-board video capture ++oo AirPort Extreme _S_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _b_o_o_t _d_e_v_i_c_e_s _a_n_d _m_e_d_i_a Each version of Open Firmware supports different devices and media that you may boot from. We define the terms ``bootable media'' as the media (hard drive, floppy, CD-R, ethernet) that will be used to bootstrap your macppc system into NetBSD, and ``distribution sets'' or ``distribution media'' as the media (hard drive, CD-R, ethernet) that contains the files that will be installed to generate a working NetBSD system onto your des- tination media. Go to the NetBSD/macppc Model Support webpage and look up your system. Take note of the comments about your model and keep these in mind during the rest of this installation procedure. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//PPoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//mmooddeellss..hhttmmll GGeettttiinngg tthhee NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm oonn ttoo UUsseeffuull MMeeddiiaa You should wait to decide where to put the NetBSD distribution sets until you have figured out how you are going to boot your system. Refer back to this section after you have done so. _N_o_t_e_: Some Mac OS ffttpp clients default to downloading files in `ASCII' mode. This will render the NetBSD files useless. Make sure to set your ftp program to download in `binary' mode. Note that if you are installing or upgrading from a writable media, the media can be write-protected if you wish. These systems mount a root image from inside the kernel, and will not need to write to the media. If you booted from a floppy, the floppy disk may be removed from the drive after the system has booted. Installation is supported from several media types, including: ++oo CD-ROM / DVD ++oo FTP ++oo Remote NFS partition ++oo Existing NetBSD or MacOS X UFS partitions, if performing an upgrade The steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for installation depend upon which installation medium you choose. The steps for the var- ious media are outlined below. _C_D_-_R_O_M _/ _D_V_D Find out where the distribution set files are on the CD- ROM or DVD. Likely locations are _b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s and _m_a_c_p_p_c_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s. Proceed to the instruction on installation. _F_T_P The preparations for this installation/upgrade method are easy; all you need to do is make sure that there's an FTP site from which you can retrieve the NetBSD distribution when you're about to install or upgrade. If you don't have DHCP available on your network, you will need to know the numeric IP address of that site, and, if it's not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. If you don't have access to a functioning nameserver during installation, the IPv4 address of ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg is 204.152.184.75 and the IPv6 address is 2001:4f8:4:7:2e0:81ff:fe21:6563 (as of June, 2004). Once you have this information, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. _N_o_t_e_: This method of installation is recommended for those familiar with using BSD network configuration and management commands. If you aren't, this docu- mentation should help, but is not intended to be all-encompassing. _N_F_S Place the NetBSD distribution sets you wish to install into a directory on an NFS server, and make that directory mountable by the machine on which you are installing or upgrading NetBSD. This will probably require modifying the _/_e_t_c_/_e_x_p_o_r_t_s file on of the NFS server and resetting its mount daemon (mountd). (Both of these actions will probably require superuser privileges on the server.) You need to know the numeric IP address of the NFS server, and, if you don't have DHCP available on your network and the server is not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. Once the NFS server is set up properly and you have the information mentioned above, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on pre- paring your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. _N_o_t_e_: This method of installation is recommended for those already familiar with using BSD network con- figuration and management commands. If you aren't, this documentation should help, but is not intended to be all-encompassing. PPrreeppaarriinngg yyoouurr SSyysstteemm ffoorr NNeettBBSSDD iinnssttaallllaattiioonn _P_r_e_p_a_r_e _y_o_u_r_s_e_l_f Take a deep breath. Good. Now, make sure you are reading the PDF (if available), PostScript, or HTML version of this document, as the _._t_x_t and _._m_o_r_e versions lack important formatting information that will prevent you from following the twisted path you must follow. OK, good. Now, print out this document. While it's printing, get some coffee, relax a bit, and mentally prepare yourself for something that promises to be confusing, frustrating, and annoying. If you assume the worst, you'll be pleasantly surprised when everything works easier than you expected. Also, forget everything you've been told about installing NetBSD/macppc. That's right, flush your knowledge cache -- some of it is almost certainly dirty. Some of this document assumes familiarity with MacOS, e.g. how to down- load BinHex files and extract things with StuffIt Expander. If you've never heard of those terms before, it is possible to install NetBSD/macppc without booting or knowing how to use MacOS, but depending on your model it may be almost as painful as learning a little MacOS. See the FAQ for more help: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//PPoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##mmaaccooss--nneewwbbiiee It's done printing? Fine, time to get started. The recommended installation procedure is as follows: 1. Go to the NetBSD/macppc model support page and look up your model information and issues (I can't stress this enough times). hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//PPoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//mmooddeellss..hhttmmll 2. Spend about 15 minutes and read through this document from this point onward. There will be many pages of instructions that apply to Open Firmware versions that you do not have. Throw them out. Do not read them -- at best you will be confused, at worst you may dam- age your system requiring repairs. 3. Now create your bootable media and media for the distribution sets. 4. Prepare your machine, depending on the instructions for your model (for example: partition your drive, download and run System Disk, or hook up a serial console). 5. Boot into Open Firmware, and verify that it has the version of Open Firmware you think it does. Also make sure that the other variables are set correctly. 6. Figure out the correct boot command, and boot your machine from the bootable media you just created. If you're having trouble, be sure to read the section on _C_o_m_m_o_n _P_r_o_b_l_e_m_s _a_n_d _E_r_r_o_r _M_e_s_s_a_g_e_s 7. Celebrate! The worst is over, but you've still got some work to do. Take a break, maybe more coffee, maybe a quick walk around the block, whatever turns your fancy. 8. Now use the installer to install the distribution sets onto your system and do some initial configurations. 9. Figure out how to boot from the installed partition. Boot into NetBSD for the first time. 10. You may then boot into Open Firmware and set it to always boot your favorite operating system. 11. Configure to your preferences, install your favorite packages, and have fun with your new NetBSD/macppc machine! _N_o_t_e_: You really actually truly do need to follow the procedure listed in this document in the order that we describe. These systems are rather tricky to boot for the novice and expert alike. Once you cross off the sections that don't apply to you, it will make more sense. _N_o_t_e_: If the instructions in a subsection below do not apply to _a_l_l ver- sions of Open Firmware, there will be a line listing which ver- sions of Open Firmware they apply to, such as: (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4, Open Firmware 3) If you do not have an Open Firmware 3 system, skip down to _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1_._x _o_r _2_._x _S_y_s_t_e_m _f_o_r _N_e_t_B_S_D PPrreeppaarriinngg yyoouurr OOppeenn FFiirrmmwwaarree 33 SSyysstteemm ffoorr NNeettBBSSDD _U_p_d_a_t_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _B_o_o_t_R_O_M Open Firmware 3 systems have a rewritable ``firmware'', also called the BootROM. When you use an Apple firmware updater, it updates the BootROM. This will _n_o_t change the version of Open Firmware in your machine -- it will still be Open Firmware 3. The BootROM is what is first executed when you power on or reset your system. The BootROM then loads Open Firmware, which boots your operating system. Go to the `Apple Software Downloads' web site at hhttttpp::////wwwwww..iinnffoo..aappppllee..ccoomm//ssuuppppoorrtt//ddoowwnnllooaaddss..hhttmmll and search for `firmware' and install the most recent version for your model. For most G3 and G4 models, you will need to run the FirmWare updater from MacOS 9. _N_o_t_e_: If you accidentally change the llooaadd--bbaassee or rreeaall--bbaassee Open Firmware variables and reset your machine you will, in effect, re- write the BootROM with garbage. This will permanently damage your machine. We recommend not doing this. _N_o_t_e_: The most recent BootROMs available (4.1.7 and later) are a little picky about RAM. Initially, some PowerMacintosh G3 users found that their third-party RAM had been disabled, but the RAM vendors brought their RAM up to spec and it hasn't been much of an issue since then. There is one report that FirmWare Update 4.1.9 on iMac (Summer 2000) will prevent the CD-ROM and the hard drive from operating together. You may get _w_d_c_0_:_0_:_1_: _l_o_s_t _i_n_t_e_r_r_u_p_t problems. _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_o _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _3 Hold down a special four-key combination when your system boots. After the chime starts, but before it stops, hold down the four COMMAND-OPTION-O-F keys (the COMMAND key looks like a four-leaf clover or an open apple, and the OPTION key may look like a two-way switch with four straight line segments or say ALT) until you see the Open Firmware command prompt on your screen: Apple PowerBook3,1 2.1f1 BootROM built on 01/29/00 at 22:38:07 Copyright 1994-2000 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved Welcome to Open Firmware. To continue booting, type "mac-boot" and press return. To shut down, type "shut-down" and press return. ok 0 Now, set your system to always stop at the Open Firmware prompt. 0 sseetteennvv aauuttoo--bboooott?? ffaallssee Alternatively, if you are currently running MacOS X or Darwin, you can use the nnvvrraamm command to set this variable before rebooting. # nnvvrraamm aauuttoo--bboooott\\??==ffaallssee You will need to escape the question-mark or enclose the whole nnvvrraamm argument in double-quotes to prevent your shell from trying to interpret it. _S_e_t_t_i_n_g _u_p _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _3 _t_o _b_o_o_t _N_e_t_B_S_D This section describes some steps you must take to prepare Open Firmware to boot NetBSD. Additional resources are available in the FAQ regarding how to use the Open Firmware command environment, and the Open Firmware variables you may be using: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//PPoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##ooffww--aacccceessss hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//PPoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##ooffww--vvaarriiaabblleess Double-check your Open Firmware version: 0 ddeevv //ooppeennpprroomm 0 ..pprrooppeerrttiieess name openprom device_type BootROM model OpenFirmware 3 relative-addressing supports-bootinfo ok If you will be netbooting your system, you can look up your MAC address. 0 ddeevv eenneett 0 ..pprrooppeerrttiieess [...] local-mac-address CCCCCCCC CCCC [...] _N_o_t_e_: Some Open Firmware 3 machines have their MAC address stored incor- rectly (little- vs. big-endian problem). If you look up your MAC address in MacOS, it will be different than what Open Firmware 3 uses to contact your netboot server. Your machine will still work, but its MAC address may conflict with another ethernet device on your network. You can check your Open Firmware settings with the _p_r_i_n_t_e_n_v command: 0 pprriinntteennvv -------------- Partition: common -------- Signature: 0x70 --------------- little-endian? false false real-mode? false false auto-boot? false true diag-switch? false false [...] use-nvramrc? true false real-base -1 -1 [...] input-device keyboard keyboard output-device screen screen _A_v_a_i_l_a_b_l_e _B_o_o_t _M_e_d_i_a Open Firmware is capable of booting from a variety of media (such as hard drives, CD-ROMs, and ethernet). Open Firmware is able to boot files from a variety of file systems (such as ISO9660, HFS, HFS+, and MS-DOS FAT). Unfortunately, Open Firmware is _n_o_t able to directly boot from the NetBSD file system (FFS) or Apple's new BSD-based file system (UFS), so we must put the bootloader in a location that Open Firmware is capable of under- standing. Therefore, to boot the NetBSD kernel, Open Firmware must first load a `bootloader' (_o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f) which knows how to load the NetBSD kernel. _N_o_t_e_: _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._e_l_f is obsoleted. All users should be using _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f instead of _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._e_l_f now. The following bootable media are available for loading the bootloader: ++oo _H_F_S _o_r _H_F_S_+ _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m This method loads _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f from an HFS or HFS+ partition which then loads the kernel from an acceptable location. The kernel (compressed or non-compressed) may be on an HFS or HFS+ partition. Due to Open Firmware pickiness, it must be on the same partition as _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f. ++oo _M_S_-_D_O_S _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m In this method, Open Firmware loads the _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f bootloader from an MS-DOS file system. It may then load a NetBSD kernel from the same MS-DOS file system. This has only been thor- oughly tested on floppy disks, but may work on Zip disks or FDISK-formatted hard drives. This does not work for MS-DOS partitions on a hard drive with an Apple Partition Map. ++oo _E_t_h_e_r_n_e_t _(_n_e_t_w_o_r_k _b_o_o_t_) You can run your entire system diskless or netboot only the files necessary to boot (i.e. the bootloader and the installa- tion kernel). You must have root access for the UNIX -like netboot server, which must be on the same subnet as your NetBSD/macppc machine. _N_o_t_e_: You must use your on-board ethernet device for netboot- ing. While there may be some PCI or Cardbus ethernet interfaces with Open Firmware ROMs, no one has reported success netbooting using these devices ++oo _H_y_b_r_i_d _H_F_S_/_I_S_O_9_6_6_0 _C_D_-_R_O_M _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m Load the _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f bootloader from the CD-ROM's HFS file sys- tem. It can then load a NetBSD kernel from the HFS or ISO9660 file system. Make sure that the CD has an Apple Partition Map. _N_o_t_e_: Open Firmware can only open files on the first session of a multi-session CD-R Once the bootloader is loaded, it can open the kernel from one of the following sources: ++oo _E_t_h_e_r_n_e_t _(_N_F_S_) ++oo _N_e_t_B_S_D _F_F_S _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _M_a_c_O_S _X _U_F_S _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _H_F_S _o_r _H_F_S_+ _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _I_S_O_9_6_6_0 _C_D_-_R_O_M _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _M_S_-_D_O_S _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m The boot CD-R images provided with the distribution sets has both a `partition zero' bootloader and _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f on a hybrid partition so it can be booted on all Open Firmware versions. It also has an ISO9660 file system with an installation kernel and the distribution sets. _P_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _h_a_r_d _d_r_i_v_e _f_o_r _N_e_t_B_S_D You must have at least one disk that was partitioned before running the NetBSD installer. This is the drive that will have the bootloader, _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f. Your NetBSD partitions may either be on this same disk (using the method described in the rest of this section), or on a separate disk accessible only to NetBSD. This section describes how to make a single disk usable by both MacOS and NetBSD -- this is necessary for machines which have only one hard drive (such as the eMac, iBook, iMac, PowerBook, and PowerMacintosh Cube sys- tems). If you do not want MacOS you must still follow this procedure, but create only a small HFS+ partition (large enough for the bootloader). There are two partitioning tools available for NetBSD/macppc, disklabel(8) and pdisk(8). The former is used in the NetBSD ssyyssiinnsstt installer, and will render your disk unusable by MacOS. It will also prevent Open Firmware 3 machines from booting from that disk. When run- ning the installer, you will need to use the installer's ``Re-install sets'' option to skip the ddiisskkllaabbeell step. Do not use ddiisskkllaabbeell or ``Re-install sets'' unless you will use one drive for NetBSD only and have another drive which will have the bootloader. The process is more fully detailed in the Partitioning HOW-TO: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//PPoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ppaarrttiittiioonniinngg..hhttmmll You can create a partition map with pdisk(8), but the disk will not be usable with MacOS 9 and earlier. If this is a concern, you will need to use Apple's Drive Setup or Disk Utility. If you are using Apple's Drive Setup tool, make sure you have version 1.8.1 or later. This tool only runs under MacOS 9 and earlier. Drive Setup will erase the contents of your drive -- it does not preserve data from any of your partitions. Apple's Disk Utility only runs under MacOS X 10.0.0 and later. Make sure you click the ``Install Mac OS 9 Disk Drivers'' checkbox. Also, keep in mind that Disk Utility does _n_o_t create the partitions that NetBSD/macppc requires. After creating the initial partition map with Disk Utility, you will need to use the NetBSD ppddiisskk to change the partition types. Also, Disk Utility will erase the contents of your drive -- it does not preserve data from any of your partitions. ppddiisskk is the most flexible (and most difficult to use) partitioning tool available. It runs on almost all OSes that macppc machines support. Download it: ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//aarrcchh//mmaaccppppcc//nneettbbssdd--ppddiisskk// ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//aarrcchh//mmaaccppppcc//mmaaccooss--uuttiillss//ppddiisskk..sseeaa..hhqqxx There is built-in help describing how it works. When it asks you to enter the ``Type of partition'', use Apple_UNIX_SVR2 for NetBSD parti- tions, Apple_HFS for HFS and HFS+ partitions, and Apple_UFS for UFS par- titions. After you've written the partition map with ppddiisskk, you will need to cre- ate the file systems. Use newfs(8) and mount(8) for NetBSD file systems, and hhffssttoooollss to create and mount HFS file systems. ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//ppaacckkaaggeess//ppkkggssrrcc//ssyyssuuttiillss//hhffssuuttiillss//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll Make the following partitions: _H_F_S or _H_F_S_+ Must be large enough to hold the boot- loader, over 100 KB. May be as large as you desire for MacOS usage. _A_/_U_X _R_o_o_t Must be at least 20 MB. Alternatively, you may decide to use one partition for your entire NetBSD installation, in which case it should be at least 200 MB without X, or 260 MB with X. NetBSD interprets an _A_/_U_X _R_o_o_t partition as the first par- tition (_a) on the disk. This partition is not readable from MacOS. _A_/_U_X _S_w_a_p Any size. The recommendation is your RAM size, although this is not strictly nec- essary for machines with a lot of RAM. NetBSD interprets an _A_/_U_X _S_w_a_p partition as the second partition (_b) on the disk. This partition is not readable from MacOS. _A_/_U_X _U_s_e_r and _A_/_U_X _F_r_e_e_1 Use these for any additional partitions you may want to use under NetBSD, such as _/_u_s_r (at least 200 MB), _/_h_o_m_e, _/_u_s_r_/_l_o_c_a_l, or _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g. NetBSD inter- prets these partitions as normal NetBSD -style partitions. These partitions are not readable from MacOS. _H_F_S Any size. You may want to leave an addi- tional partition available to transfer files between MacOS and NetBSD. If would like to create such a partition, then see the Partitioning HOW-TO. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//PPoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ppaarrttiittiioonniinngg..hhttmmll##mmssddooss _U_F_S Any size. _U_F_S partitions are not read- able from MacOS versions prior to X 10.0.0. If you use an _U_F_S partition as your root, then it may not be recognized by the NetBSD kernel as the first parti- tion (_a) on the disk. You will need to compile a new kernel with the root parti- tion explicitly defined to be the _U_F_S partition. Now would be a good time to use ppddiisskk to determine the partition numbers for your bootloader and kernel. _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _t_h_e _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _3 _B_o_o_t_a_b_l_e _M_e_d_i_a The purpose of this section is to prepare the media from which your sys- tem will boot the installer. We'll describe how to put the files in the right places on your disk(s) or netboot server and prepare it for use on your system. If you will be running your system diskless (i.e. entirely over NFS, not using any local hard drives), then you do not need to run the installer, you only need to extract the distribution sets on the diskless server. To get the distribution sets onto appropriate media, see the above sec- tion entitled _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m _o_n _t_o _U_s_e_f_u_l _M_e_d_i_a. You may want to get the distribution sets when you create the bootable media. _N_o_t_e_: Some MacOS ffttpp clients default to downloading files in `ASCII' mode. This will render the NetBSD files useless. Make sure to set your ftp program to download in `binary' mode. What follows are the steps to create different types of bootable media for the NetBSD install kernel. You should only need to create one of these to get your system to boot the installer ++oo _C_r_e_a_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D_/_m_a_c_p_p_c _C_D_-_R Go to one of the NetBSD mirror sites and download the CD-R image _m_a_c_p_p_c_c_d_._i_s_o from the _p_u_b_/_N_e_t_B_S_D_/_i_s_o directory. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmiirrrroorrss//##iissoo -- _F_r_o_m _a_n _U_N_I_X_-_l_i_k_e _m_a_c_h_i_n_e Get and install cdrecord. NetBSD users should install it from the package collection. Other UNIX -like systems should get it from the official website: ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//ppaacckkaaggeess//ppkkggssrrcc//ssyyssuuttiillss//ccddrreeccoorrdd//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll hhttttpp::////wwwwww..ffookkuuss..ggmmdd..ddee//rreesseeaarrcchh//cccc//gglloonnee//eemmppllooyyeeeess//jjooeerrgg..sscchhiilllliinngg//pprriivvaattee//ccddrreeccoorrdd..hhttmmll # ccddrreeccoorrdd --vv ssppeeeedd==44 ddeevv==//ddeevv//ccdd11cc mmaaccppppccccdd..iissoo You will need to substitute the correct name of the disk image file, speed for your CD writer, and the correct device for your system (for i386 it would be _/_d_e_v_/_c_d_1_d). -- _F_r_o_m _a _M_a_c_O_S _m_a_c_h_i_n_e _(_u_s_i_n_g _T_o_a_s_t_) 1. Click the `Other' button in the main window. 2. Open the contextual menu on the `Other' button and select `Disk Image' 3. Click the `Select' button and select the disk image you downloaded. 4. Click the `Record' button Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _a_n _H_F_S _o_r _H_F_S_+ _p_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n Place _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f and the installation kernel _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z at the top level of your Macintosh file system. That is, drag the two icons onto your hard drive icon (not the desktop). Make sure they're both on the same partition. Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _a _c_u_s_t_o_m _h_y_b_r_i_d _H_F_S_/_I_S_O_9_6_6_0 _C_D_-_R This section describes how to create your own bootable NetBSD/macppc CD-R. We recommend that you use the official NetBSD/macppc-3.1.1 CD-R image, as described in the section above. Place _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f and the installation kernel _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z at the top level of the CD. Make sure that the bootloader is present on the HFS partition, and the kernel is on both the ISO9660 and HFS par- titions. Due to restrictions in the way that Open Firmware deals with ISO filenames, you may wish to name your kernel _n_e_t_b_s_d_._g_z. You may also place the NetBSD 3.1.1 distribution sets on the ISO9660 par- tition (not only on the HFS partition). -- _F_r_o_m _a_n _U_N_I_X_-_l_i_k_e _m_a_c_h_i_n_e Get and install mkisofs. This is now part of the cdrecord pack- age. NetBSD users should install it from the package collection. Other UNIX -like systems should get it from the official website: ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//ppaacckkaaggeess//ppkkggssrrcc//ssyyssuuttiillss//ccddrreeccoorrdd//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll hhttttpp::////wwwwww..ffookkuuss..ggmmdd..ddee//rreesseeaarrcchh//cccc//gglloonnee//eemmppllooyyeeeess//jjooeerrgg..sscchhiilllliinngg//pprriivvaattee//ccddrreeccoorrdd..hhttmmll # mmkkiissooffss --oo oouuttppuutt..iissoo --hhffss --ppaarrtt --ll --JJ --rr --LL --NN //ccddssoouurrcceess # ccddrreeccoorrdd --vv ssppeeeedd==44 ddeevv==//ddeevv//ccdd11cc oouuttppuutt..iissoo You will need to substitute the correct speed for your CD writer, and the correct device for your system (for i386 it would be _/_d_e_v_/_c_d_1_d). See the NetBSD Bootable CD-ROM HOW-TO for more detail: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//DDooccuummeennttaattiioonn//bboooottccdd..hhttmmll -- _F_r_o_m _a _M_a_c_O_S _m_a_c_h_i_n_e _(_u_s_i_n_g _T_o_a_s_t_) 1. Click the `Data' button in the main window 2. Pick `Mac OS and PC (Hybrid) CD' from the popup menu between the four buttons and the file and folder area. 3. Drag _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f and _b_i_n_a_r_y_/_k_e_r_n_e_l_/_n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z into the window. You may also want to drag the NetBSD 3.1.1 distribution sets to this window as well. 4. Click the `Record' button Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _C_r_e_a_t_i_n_g _a_n _M_S_-_D_O_S _d_i_s_k Open Firmware 3 cannot boot from a floppy disk, but you can still create a bootable Zip disk with this method. 1. First, make sure you have done a low-level format on the disk. A bad disk can produce Open Firmware errors similar to other problems. 2. Mount the disk on your computer. -- Insert it into a Windows or DOS machine. -- Use `File Exchange or `PC Exchange'' with MacOS versions prior to X 10.0.0 -- Use mount_msdos(8) on any UNIX -like machine. 3. Copy _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._g_z and _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f to the disk. 4. Rename _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._g_z to _n_e_t_b_s_d_._g_z, since OpenFirmware can't deal with MS-DOS filenames longer than eight characters. Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _t_h_e _n_e_t_b_o_o_t _s_e_r_v_e_r 1. Introduction To netboot a macppc, you must configure one or more servers to provide information and files to your macppc (the `client ).' If you are using NetBSD (any architecture) on your netboot server(s), the information provided here should be sufficient to configure everything. Additionally, you may wish to look at the diskless(8) manual page and the manual pages for each daemon you'll be configuring. If the server(s) are another operating system, you should consult the NetBSD Diskless HOW-TO, which will walk you through the steps necessary to configure the net- boot services on a variety of platforms. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//DDooccuummeennttaattiioonn//nneettwwoorrkk//nneettbboooott// You may either netboot the installer so you can install onto a locally attached disk, or you may run your system entirely over the network. Briefly, the netboot process involves discovery, bootstrap, ker- nel and file system stages. In the first stage, the client dis- covers information about where to find the bootstrap program. Next, it downloads and executes the bootstrap program. The bootstrap program goes through another discovery phase to deter- mine where the kernel is located. The bootstrap program tries to mount the NFS share containing the kernel. Once the kernel is loaded, it starts executing. For RAM disk kernels, it mounts the RAM disk file system and begins executing the installer from the RAM disk. For normal (non-RAM disk) kernels, the kernel tries to mount the NFS share that had the kernel and starts exe- cuting the installation tools or init(8). All macppc systems use BOOTP for the discovery stage. TFTP is used in the boot- strap phase to download the bootstrap program, _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f. NFS is used in both the kernel and file system stages to download the kernel, and to access files on the file server. We will use `CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC' as the MAC address (ethernet hardware address) of your netboot client machine. You should have determined this address in an earlier stage. In this exam- ple, we will use `192.168.1.10' as the IP address of your client and `client.test.net' as its name. We will assume you're pro- viding all of your netboot services on one machine called `server.test.net' with the client's files exported from the directory _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t. You should, of course, replace all of these with the names, addresses, and paths appropriate to your environment. You should set up each netboot stage in order (i.e. discovery, bootstrap, kernel, and then file system) so that you can test them as you proceed. 2. dhcpd(8) in bootpd(8) compatible mode Put the following lines in your _/_e_t_c_/_d_h_c_p_d_._c_o_n_f (see dhcpd.conf(5) and dhcp-options(5) for more information): ddns-update-style none; # Do not use any dynamic DNS features # allow bootp; # Allow bootp requests, thus the dhcp server # will act as a bootp server. # authoritative; # master DHCP server for this subnet # subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { # Which network interface to listen on. # The zeros indicate the range of addresses # that are allowed to connect. } group { # Set of parameters common to all clients # in this "group". # option broadcast-address 192.168.1.255; option domain-name "test.net"; option domain-name-servers dns.test.net; option routers router.test.net; option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; # # An individual client. # host client.test.net { hardware ethernet CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC; fixed-address 192.168.1.10; # # Name of the host (if the fixed address # doesn't resolve to a simple name). # option host-name "client"; # # Name of the bootloader or kernel # to download via tftp. # filename "ofwboot.xcf"; # # The path on the NFS server. # option root-path "/export/client/root"; # # If your DHCP server is not your NFS server, supply the # address of the NFS server. Since we assume you run everything # on one server, this is not needed. # # macppc machines will look for their bootloader, # ofwboot.xcf, on the next-server as well. # # next-server server.test.net; } #you may paste another "host" entry here for additional #clients on this network } You will need to make sure that the _d_h_c_p_d_._l_e_a_s_e_s file exists. # ttoouucchh //vvaarr//ddbb//ddhhccppdd..lleeaasseess You will need to start the ddhhccppdd. If it's already running, you will need to restart it to force it to re-read its configuration file. If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//ddhhccppdd rreessttaarrtt 3. tftpd(8) The default configuration of the TFTP server is to run in a chroot(8) environment in the _/_t_f_t_p_b_o_o_t directory. Thus, the first order of business is to create this directory: # mmkkddiirr --pp //ttffttppbboooott Next, edit _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_e_t_d_._c_o_n_f and uncomment the line with the TFTP daemon: tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/libexec/tftpd tftpd -l -s /tftpboot Now, restart inetd(8). If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//iinneettdd rreessttaarrtt Now, you need to copy the bootloader for your macppc machine to _/_t_f_t_p_b_o_o_t. Get ofwboot.xcf(8) from the _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n directory of the distribution. # ccpp ooffwwbboooott..xxccff //ttffttppbboooott Just to be sure, let's make everything readable. # cchhmmoodd --RR aa++rrXX //ttffttppbboooott Sometimes, the arp(8) table gets messed up, and the TFTP server can't communicate with the client. In this case, it will write a log message (via syslogd(8)) to _/_v_a_r_/_l_o_g_/_m_e_s_s_a_g_e_s saying: `tftpd: write: Host is down'. If this is the case, you may need to force the server to map your client's ethernet address to its IP address: # aarrpp --ss cclliieenntt CCCC::CCCC::CCCC::CCCC::CCCC::CCCC 4. nfsd(8), mountd(8), and rpcbind(8) Now your system should be able to load the bootstrap program and start looking for the kernel. Let's set up the NFS server. Create the directory you are exporting for the netboot client: # mmkkddiirr --pp //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott Put the following line in _/_e_t_c_/_e_x_p_o_r_t_s to enable NFS sharing: /export/client/root -maproot=root client.test.net If your server is currently running an NFS server, you only need to restart mountd(8). Otherwise, you need to start rpcbind(8) and nfsd(8). If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//rrppccbbiinndd ssttaarrtt # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//nnffssdd ssttaarrtt # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//mmoouunnttdd rreessttaarrtt 5. NetBSD kernel and installation tools Now, if you place a kernel named _n_e_t_b_s_d in _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t your client should boot the kernel. If you are netbooting the installer, use _b_i_n_a_r_y_/_k_e_r_n_e_l_/_n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z (this has the installation tools in a RAM disk). Also, copy the distribution files to the client's root directory. _N_o_t_e_: Some combinations of Open Firmware version and _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f version have trouble loading compressed ker- nels. If you have trouble loading a kernel, try uncom- pressing it with gunzip(1) # ccpp **ttggzz //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott # gguunnzziipp nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC__MMDD..ggzz # mmvv nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC__MMDD //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott//nneettbbssdd If you are running your macppc diskless, simply use _b_i_n_a_r_y_/_k_e_r_n_e_l_/_n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._g_z. 6. Client file system You can skip this step if you do not plan to run your client diskless after installation. Otherwise, you need to extract and set up the client's installation of NetBSD. The Diskless HOW-TO describes how to provide better security and save space on the NFS server over the procedure listed here. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//DDooccuummeennttaattiioonn//nneettwwoorrkk//nneettbboooott//nnffss..hhttmmll -- Extracting distribution sets # ccdd //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott # ttaarr --xxppzzff //ppaatthh//ttoo//ffiilleess//bbaassee..ttggzz # ttaarr --xxppzzff //ppaatthh//ttoo//ffiilleess//eettcc..ttggzz Continue with the other non-essential distribution sets if desired. -- Set up swap # mmkkddiirr //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott//sswwaapp # dddd iiff==//ddeevv//zzeerroo ooff==//eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//sswwaapp bbss==44kk ccoouunntt==44kk # eecchhoo ''//eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//sswwaapp --mmaapprroooott==rroooott::wwhheeeell cclliieenntt..tteesstt..nneett'' || ccaatt //eettcc//eexxppoorrttss # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//mmoouunnttdd rreessttaarrtt This creates a 16 MB swap file and exports it to the client. -- Create device nodes # ccdd //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott//ddeevv # ..//MMAAKKEEDDEEVV aallll This procedure only works on NetBSD hosts. -- Set up the client's fstab(5) Create a file in _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t_/_e_t_c_/_f_s_t_a_b with the fol- lowing lines: server:/export/client/swap none swap sw,nfsmntpt=/swap server:/export/client/root / nfs rw 0 0 -- Set up the client's rc.conf(5) Edit _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t_/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f rc_configured=YES hostname="client" defaultroute="192.168.1.1" nfs_client=YES auto_ifconfig=NO net_interfaces="" Make sure rc does not reconfigure the network device since it will lose its connection to the NFS server with your root file system. -- Set up the client's hosts(5) file. Edit _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t_/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s ::1 localhost 127.0.0.1 localhost 192.168.1.10 client.test.net client 192.168.1.5 server.test.net server 7. Setting up the server daemons If you want these services to start up every time you boot your server, make sure the following lines are present in your _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f: dhcpd=YES dhcpd_flags="-q" nfs_server=YES # enable server daemons mountd=YES rpcbind=YES rpcbind_flags="-l" # -l logs libwrap Also, you'll need to make sure the _t_f_t_p_d line in _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_e_t_d_._c_o_n_f remains uncommented. Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _a _S_C_S_I _o_r _I_D_E _d_r_i_v_e _w_i_t_h _t_h_e _C_D_-_R _i_m_a_g_e If the NetBSD/macppc CD-R image is compressed, then you will need to uncompress it first. Find a spare bootable drive (i.e. SCSI or IDE), and use some tool to write the disk image _m_a_c_p_p_c_c_d_._i_s_o to your spare drive, and boot from that drive. For example, you could use a Zip drive, a Jaz drive, a Compact Flash drive, or even a spare hard drive. The disk image has an HFS partition with _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f which loads the installation kernel from the ISO file system on the disk image. -- _F_r_o_m _a_n _U_N_I_X_-_l_i_k_e _m_a_c_h_i_n_e _(_i_n_c_l_u_d_i_n_g _M_a_c_O_S _X_) # dddd iiff==mmaaccppppccccdd..iissoo ooff==//ddeevv//rrssdd00cc where _/_d_e_v_/_r_s_d_0_c is the `whole disk' partition for the drive you will be using. Be certain you have typed this correctly, as it will erase the disk. -- _F_r_o_m _a _W_i_n_d_o_w_s _m_a_c_h_i_n_e Get rraawwrriittee3322..eexxee from hhttttpp::////wwwwww..dduusskkwwaarree..ccoomm//rraawwrriittee3322// Be certain you have selected the correct disk, as it will erase the contents. -- _F_r_o_m _a _M_a_c_O_S _9 _(_o_r _e_a_r_l_i_e_r_) _m_a_c_h_i_n_e Get ssuunnttaarr from hhttttpp::////hhyyppeerraarrcchhiivvee..llccss..mmiitt..eedduu//HHyyppeerrAArrcchhiivvee//AArrcchhiivvee//ccmmpp//ssuunnttaarr--222233..hhqqxx 1. Open the `Preferences' menu and pick `Expert Mode' 2. Open the `File' menu and pick `Open Device ...' 3. Click on the ``scan SCSI'' button to get a list of which drives are attached. 4. Pick the correct drive. Be certain you have selected the correct disk, as it will erase the contents. 5. Open the `Special' menu and pick `Overwrite Sectors ...' 6. Hit return (i.e. start at sector number zero) 7. Select _m_a_c_p_p_c_c_d_._i_s_o and click ``Open'' 8. Open the `File' menu and pick `Close Device' Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m PPrreeppaarriinngg yyoouurr OOppeenn FFiirrmmwwaarree 11..xx oorr 22..xx SSyysstteemm ffoorr NNeettBBSSDD _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_o _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _o_n _A_p_p_l_e _N_e_t_w_o_r_k _S_e_r_v_e_r_s (Open Firmware 1.1.22) The version of Open Firmware in the Apple Network Servers can only use a serial console. You must first hook up a serial console (38400 bps, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no handshaking) to `Port 2' (the `ttya' device in Open Firmware). Hold down a special four-key combination on the keyboard attached to the ADB port on your system (not the serial console) when your system boots. After the chime starts, but before it stops, hold down the four COMMAND-OPTION-O-F keys (the COMMAND key looks like a four-leaf clover or an open apple, and the OPTION key may look like a two-way switch with four straight line segments or say ALT) until you see some introductory text and the Open Firmware command prompt on your serial terminal: 0 Your Apple Network Server's screen will remain black. Now, set your system to always stop at the Open Firmware prompt. 0 sseetteennvv aauuttoo--bboooott?? ffaallssee Skip down to the section on _S_e_t_t_i_n_g _u_p _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1 _a_n_d _2 _t_o _b_o_o_t _N_e_t_B_S_D since the next several pages are instructions for MacOS models. _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1 _a_n_d _2 _S_y_s_t_e_m _P_r_e_p_a_r_a_t_i_o_n Open Firmware has two variables, `input-device' and `output-device', which specify how it accepts commands and displays output. All Open Firmware 1.0.5 and most Open Firmware 2.0.x systems will default to using the `Modem' serial port for the console instead of the ADB keyboard and the monitor attached to the on-board video. Unless you use a MacOS-based utility to set these variables correctly, you _w_i_l_l need to hook up a serial console temporarily to configure Open Firmware to use your keyboard and screen. Some models (such as the Per- forma 54xx, 6360, 6400, and 6500) have the `Modem' serial port covered with a piece of plastic since the internal modem usurps that serial port. You will either need to use Boot Variables to set the `input-device' and `output-device' variables to `ttyb' (which is the Printer serial port) or remove the internal modem. Open Firmware seems to ignore the settings on most DB15 to VGA adapters. Depending on your model, it will default to either 640 x 480 at 60 Hz or to the resolution previously selected in MacOS. Make sure that your mon- itor can handle these resolutions. Now would be a good time to look at the NetBSD/macppc Model Support web- page to determine the issues with your model. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//PPoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//mmooddeellss..hhttmmll In particular, some models _m_u_s_t use a serial console, or they will be unable to boot NetBSD at all. All models can be set to use a serial con- sole, if you desire to bypass the keyboard and screen. If, after re-reading the next several sections, you still need help fig- uring out your `input-device' and `output-device' settings, see the FAQ: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//PPoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##ooffww--iinnppuutt--oouuttppuutt--ddeevviicceess If you need to use a serial console, you can use a normal `printer' cable (mini-DIN 8 to mini-DIN 8) and a MacOS tool, such as ZTerm to connect a MacOS system to your NetBSD/macppc system. hhttttpp::////hhyyppeerraarrcchhiivvee..llccss..mmiitt..eedduu//HHyyppeerrAArrcchhiivvee//AArrcchhiivvee//ccoommmm//tteerrmm//zztteerrmm--110011..hhqqxx hhttttpp::////hhoommeeppaaggee..mmaacc..ccoomm//ddaallvveerrssoonn//zztteerrmm// See the NetBSD Serial Port Primer for additional help and references: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//DDooccuummeennttaattiioonn//HHaarrddwwaarree//MMiisscc//sseerriiaall..hhttmmll All Open Firmware 1 and 2 macppc systems have Open Firmware bugs. Luck- ily, Open Firmware has a small Non-Volatile RAM variable (NVRAM) which is reserved for FORTH commands which will be run before booting an operating system. Apple has released a freeware MacOS 9 tool called System Disk, which patches most of these bugs. We _s_t_r_o_n_g_l_y recommend that you use this tool to patch your Open Firmware, as several systems cannot boot without these patches. Instructions for using System Disk are covered in the next section. Unfortunately, some models are broken by or are unsupported by System Disk. If you have one of the following models, then skip down to the section on _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_o _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _(_H_a_r_d_e_r_, _M_a_c_O_S _7 _t_h_r_u _9_) Apple Performa 4400, 5500, 6500, 54xx, 6400, and 6360, Motorola Starmax 3000, 4000, 5000, and 5500, APS Tech M*Power 604e/200, PowerComputing PowerBase, Umax Apus 2000, Apus 3000, C500, and C600 Umax S900 _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_o _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _(_M_a_c_O_S _X _o_r _D_a_r_w_i_n_) When you install MacOS X or Darwin, it will install the necessary NVRAM bug fixes. Use the nnvvrraamm command to set your system to always stop at the Open Firmware prompt, then reboot. # nnvvrraamm aauuttoo--bboooott\\??==ffaallssee You will need to escape the question-mark or enclose the whole nnvvrraamm argument in double-quotes to prevent your shell from trying to interpret it. You should now see the Open Firmware command prompt on your screen: Open Firmware, 1.0.5 To continue booting the MacOS type: BYEreturn To continue booting from the default boot device type: BOOTreturn ok 0 If your screen is black, then your model has defaulted to using a serial console. You must hook up a serial console (38400 bps, 8 bits, no par- ity, 1 stop bit, no handshaking). _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_o _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _(_B_e_s_t_, _M_a_c_O_S _8 _o_r _9_) Download System Disk: ffttpp::////ffttpp..aappppllee..ccoomm//ddeevveellooppeerr//mmaaccoossxxsseerrvveerr//uuttiilliittiieess//SSyysstteemmDDiisskk22..33..11..ssmmii..bbiinn For a brief tutorial on how to use System Disk, see: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//PPoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//SSyysstteemmDDiisskk--ttuuttoorriiaall// Launch the MacOS System Disk tool. Click on ``Power User (Open Firmware)'' then click on the ``Advanced Options'' button. Now, click on the checkbox that says ``Stop Boot at Open Firmware prompt'' and select ``OK''. Click the ``Save'' button and reboot your system. _N_o_t_e_: NVRAM patches and Open Firmware settings will be erased if you `zap your PRAM' by holding down COMMAND-OPTION-P-R keys during the boot chimes, or if you accidentally boot into MacOS 9 or earlier. If your `output-device' is `/chaos/control' (i.e. you have a PowerMacin- tosh 7300 -- 8600 system), there is a chance that your monitor will not sync. See hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//PPoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//SSyysstteemmDDiisskk--ttuuttoorriiaall//ooff110055ppaattcchh..hhttmmll You should now see the Open Firmware command prompt on your screen: Open Firmware, 1.0.5 To continue booting the MacOS type: BYEreturn To continue booting from the default boot device type: BOOTreturn ok 0 If your screen is black, then your model does not support using the on- board video in Open Firmware. You will need to connect a serial console to the `Modem' port of your system (38400 bps, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no handshaking). _N_o_t_e_: The ``Stop Boot at Open Firmware prompt'' setting is persistent. It is equivalent to the Open Firmware command 0 sseetteennvv aauuttoo--bboooott?? ffaallssee _N_o_t_e_: Unfortunately, there are a few models that are better off without the System Disk patches. If you find that your machine doesn't boot, then try: 0 sseetteennvv uussee--nnvvrraammrrcc?? ffaallssee 0 rreesseett--aallll _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_o _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _(_H_a_r_d_e_r_, _M_a_c_O_S _7_, _8_, _o_r _9_) If System Disk doesn't work because your version of MacOS is too old or because System Disk says that it doesn't support your model, then you may try using the MacOS BootVars tool. ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//aarrcchh//mmaaccppppcc//mmaaccooss--uuttiillss//bboooottvvaarrss//bboooottvvaarrss..ssiitt..hhqqxx _N_o_t_e_: BootVars does _n_o_t apply the (possibly critical) NVRAM patches that System Disk does. Expect some devices to not work (such as boot- ing from hard drives and CD-ROMs). Look up the proper `output-device' for your model on the NetBSD/macppc Model Support webpage. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//PPoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//mmooddeellss..hhttmmll If the NetBSD/macppc Model support webpage does not list an `output-device' for your model, then your system will default to using the on-board video. You needn't fill in the `output-device' and `input-device' variables. Launch the MacOS BootVars tool. Uncheck the ``auto-boot?'' checkbox, then check on the ``All Variables'' checkbox and type kkbbdd into the `input-device' box, and the proper device name into the `output-device' box. Click on the ``write'' button, and then reboot your system. If your `output-device' is `/chaos/control' (i.e. you have a PowerMacin- tosh 7300 -- 8600 system), there is a chance that your monitor will not sync. See hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//PPoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//SSyysstteemmDDiisskk--ttuuttoorriiaall//ooff110055ppaattcchh..hhttmmll If you have a Performa 5500 or 6500, you may need to apply NVRAMRC patches to use your built-in video. See the information in the NetBSD/macppc Model Support webpage. You should now see the Open Firmware command prompt on your screen: Open Firmware, 1.0.5 To continue booting the MacOS type: BYEreturn To continue booting from the default boot device type: BOOTreturn ok 0 If your screen is black, then your model has defaulted to using a serial console. This is fairly common on Open Firmware 1 and 2 models if you do not use the System Disk tool to set up Open Firmware. You must hook up a serial console (38400 bps, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no handshak- ing). _N_o_t_e_: The ``auto-boot?'' setting is persistent. Your system will always stop at the Open Firmware prompt. It is equivalent to the Open Firmware command 0 sseetteennvv aauuttoo--bboooott?? ffaallssee _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_o _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _(_W_i_t_h_o_u_t _u_s_i_n_g _M_a_c_O_S_) (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) If you don't have MacOS, then you need to hold down a special four-key combination when your system boots. Do this on the keyboard attached to the ADB port on your system (not the serial console or PS/2 port) when your system boots. _N_o_t_e_: Your system will _n_o_t have the (possibly critical) NVRAM patches that System Disk applies. Expect some devices to not work (such as booting from hard drives and CD-ROMs). After the chime starts, but before it stops, hold down the four COMMAND-OPTION-O-F keys (the COMMAND key looks like a four-leaf clover or an open apple, and the OPTION key may look like a two-way switch with four straight line segments or say ALT) until you see the Open Firmware command prompt on your screen or serial console: Open Firmware, 1.0.5 To continue booting the MacOS type: BYEreturn To continue booting from the default boot device type: BOOTreturn ok 0 If your screen is black, then your system has defaulted to using a serial console. This is fairly common on Open Firmware 1 and 2 models if you do not use the System Disk tool to set up Open Firmware. You must hook up a serial console (38400 bps, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no handshak- ing). Now, set your system to always stop at the Open Firmware prompt. 0 sseetteennvv aauuttoo--bboooott?? ffaallssee To use your on-board video and keyboard, look up the proper `output-device' for your model on the NetBSD/macppc webpage hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//PPoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//mmooddeellss..hhttmmll Run the following commands to use your screen instead of a serial console (replace `screen' with the correct `output-device' for your model): 0 sseetteennvv oouuttppuutt--ddeevviiccee ssccrreeeenn 0 sseetteennvv iinnppuutt--ddeevviiccee kkbbdd 0 rreesseett--aallll Now you should see the Open Firmware prompt on your screen. If your `output-device' is `/chaos/control' (i.e. you have a PowerMacin- tosh 7300 -- 8600 system), there is a chance that your monitor will not sync. See hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//PPoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//SSyysstteemmDDiisskk--ttuuttoorriiaall//ooff110055ppaattcchh..hhttmmll _S_e_t_t_i_n_g _u_p _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1 _a_n_d _2 _t_o _b_o_o_t _N_e_t_B_S_D This section describes some steps you must take to prepare Open Firmware to boot NetBSD. Additional resources are available in the FAQ regarding how to use the Open Firmware command environment, and the Open Firmware variables you may be using: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//PPoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##ooffww--aacccceessss hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//PPoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##ooffww--vvaarriiaabblleess Double-check your Open Firmware version: 0 ddeevv //ooppeennpprroomm 0 ..pprrooppeerrttiieess name openprom model Open Firmware, 1.0.5 relative-addressing ok If your system has Open Firmware prior to version 3, then you must set some Open Firmware variables before NetBSD can boot. Do _n_o_t run these commands on Open Firmware 3 machines, as you may overwrite your firmware requiring a trip to Apple for repairs. 0 sseetteennvv llooaadd--bbaassee 660000000000 0 sseetteennvv rreeaall--bbaassee FF0000000000 0 rreesseett--aallll The last command reboots your machine so that the settings are stored. If you will be netbooting your system, you can look up your MAC address. 0 ddeevv eenneett 0 ..pprrooppeerrttiieess [...] local-mac-address CCCCCCCC CCCC [...] ok _N_o_t_e_: Some early Open Firmware 1.0.5 machines had their MAC address stored incorrectly on the motherboard (little- vs. big-endian problems). The patches the System Disk installs will correct this. Without the patch, the machine will still work, but its MAC address may conflict with another ethernet device on your network. You can check your Open Firmware settings with the _p_r_i_n_t_e_n_v command: 0 pprriinntteennvv little-endian? false false real-mode? false false auto-boot? false true diag-switch? false false [...] use-nvramrc? true false real-base F00000 -1 [...] load-base 600000 4000 [...] input-device kbd ttya output-device /chaos/control ttya _N_o_t_e_: All Open Firmware 1.0.5 settings and nvram patches will be erased if you boot into MacOS 9 or earlier. You will need to re-enter them before booting NetBSD again. _N_o_t_e_: Open Firmware 2.0.x and Open Firmware 2.4 systems will set the real-base environment variable to its default value (which pre- vents NetBSD from booting) if you boot into MacOS 9 or earlier. _A_v_a_i_l_a_b_l_e _B_o_o_t _M_e_d_i_a Open Firmware is capable of booting from a variety of media (such as hard drives, floppy disks, CD-ROMs, and ethernet). Open Firmware is able to boot files from a variety of file systems (such as ISO9660, and MS-DOS FAT). Unfortunately, Open Firmware is _n_o_t able to directly boot from the NetBSD file system (FFS) or Apple's file systems (HFS, HFS+, or UFS), so we must put the bootloader in a location that Open Firmware is capable of understanding. Therefore, to boot the NetBSD kernel, Open Firmware must first load a `bootloader' which knows how to load the NetBSD kernel. Open Firmware 1 and 2 take either a two or three stage approach, depending on the boot media. In the two step approach, Open Firmware loads _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f from the boot media, which then loads the kernel. In the three step approach (used in the `partition zero' method), Open Firmware loads a primary bootloader _b_o_o_t_x_x from a disk which then loads the secondary bootloader _o_f_w_b_o_o_t (which is functionally identical to _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f) which then loads the kernel. _N_o_t_e_: _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._e_l_f is obsoleted. All users should be using _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f instead of _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._e_l_f now. The following bootable media are available for loading the bootloader: ++oo `Partition zero' This method loads the primary bootloader _b_o_o_t_x_x located in the Apple Partition Map, which then loads the secondary bootloader _o_f_w_b_o_o_t which then loads the kernel. This is what ssyyssiinnsstt will place on your hard drive during the installation procedure. Additionally, the NetBSD/macppc CD-R images and boot floppies use this method, loading a kernel from the floppy's FFS parti- tion or the CD-R's ISO9660 partition. ++oo _M_S_-_D_O_S _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m In this method, Open Firmware loads the _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f bootloader from an MS-DOS file system. It may then load a NetBSD kernel from the same MS-DOS file system. This has only been thor- oughly tested on floppy disks, but may work on Zip disks or FDISK-formatted hard drives. This does not work for MS-DOS partitions on a hard drive with an Apple Partition Map. ++oo _E_t_h_e_r_n_e_t _(_n_e_t_w_o_r_k _b_o_o_t_) You can run your entire system diskless or netboot only the files necessary to boot (i.e. the bootloader and the installa- tion kernel). You must have root access for the UNIX -like netboot server, which must be on the same subnet as your NetBSD/macppc machine. _N_o_t_e_: You must use your on-board ethernet device for netboot- ing. While there may be some PCI or Cardbus ethernet interfaces with Open Firmware ROMs, no one has reported success netbooting using these devices ++oo _I_S_O_9_6_6_0 _C_D_-_R_O_M _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m Load the _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f bootloader from an ISO9660 CD-ROM. It can then load a NetBSD kernel from the ISO9660 CD-ROM. Open Firmware 1.0.5 and 2.0.x machines will _n_o_t boot from the ISO9660 file system if you create a hybrid HFS/ISO format CD-R. Make sure that the CD _o_n_l_y has ISO9660 data and does not have an Apple Partition Map. _N_o_t_e_: Open Firmware can only open files on the first session of a multi-session CD-R Once the bootloader is loaded, it can open the kernel from one of the following sources: ++oo _E_t_h_e_r_n_e_t _(_N_F_S_) ++oo _N_e_t_B_S_D _F_F_S _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m Such as the boot floppy, or an installed NetBSD partition. ++oo _M_a_c_O_S _X _U_F_S _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _I_S_O_9_6_6_0 _C_D_-_R_O_M _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _M_S_-_D_O_S _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m In theory, Open Firmware 2.4 systems should be able to load the boot- loader from an HFS or HFS+ partition or a hybrid CD-R, but users have reported that it doesn't work. The boot floppy images provided with the distribution sets have a `partition zero' bootloader and a NetBSD file system with an installation kernel. The boot CD-R images provided with the distribution sets has both a `partition zero' bootloader and _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f on a hybrid partition so it can be booted on all Open Firmware versions. It also has an ISO9660 file system with an installation kernel and the distribution sets. _P_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _h_a_r_d _d_r_i_v_e _f_o_r _N_e_t_B_S_D You must use the NetBSD installer to partition your disk if you want it to be bootable. With this release of NetBSD, there is no way to dual- boot MacOS and NetBSD on one hard drive. You can use the instructions in this section to partition a disk that may also be used with MacOS, although a disk prepared in this way _w_i_l_l _n_o_t _b_o_o_t NetBSD. That means, your root partition (_/) must be on a drive pre- pared with the NetBSD installer, but the partitions not necessary to boot (for example _/_u_s_r, _/_h_o_m_e, or _/_e_x_p_o_r_t) may be on the same disk as MacOS. Unless you are planning to use partitions on the same disk as MacOS, skip forward to _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _t_h_e _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1 _o_r _2 _B_o_o_t_a_b_l_e _M_e_d_i_a There are two partitioning tools available for NetBSD/macppc, disklabel(8) and pdisk(8). The former is used in the NetBSD ssyyssiinnsstt installer, and will render your disk unusable by MacOS. The process is more fully detailed in the Partitioning HOW-TO: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//PPoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ppaarrttiittiioonniinngg..hhttmmll You can create a partition map with pdisk(8), but the disk will not be usable with MacOS 9 and earlier. If this is a concern, you will need to use Apple's Drive Setup or Disk Utility. If you are using Apple's Drive Setup tool, make sure you have version 1.8.1 or later. This tool only runs under MacOS 9 and earlier. Drive Setup will erase the contents of your drive -- it does not preserve data from any of your partitions. Apple's Disk Utility only runs under MacOS X 10.0.0 and later. Make sure you click the ``Install Mac OS 9 Disk Drivers'' checkbox. Also, keep in mind that Disk Utility does _n_o_t create the partitions that NetBSD/macppc requires. After creating the initial partition map with Disk Utility, you will need to use the NetBSD ppddiisskk to change the partition types. Also, Disk Utility will erase the contents of your drive -- it does not preserve data from any of your partitions. ppddiisskk is the most flexible (and most difficult to use) partitioning tool available. It runs on almost all OSes that macppc machines support. Download it: ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//aarrcchh//mmaaccppppcc//nneettbbssdd--ppddiisskk// ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//aarrcchh//mmaaccppppcc//mmaaccooss--uuttiillss//ppddiisskk..sseeaa..hhqqxx There is built-in help describing how it works. When it asks you to enter the ``Type of partition'', use Apple_UNIX_SVR2 for NetBSD parti- tions, Apple_HFS for HFS and HFS+ partitions, and Apple_UFS for UFS par- titions. After you've written the partition map with ppddiisskk, you will need to cre- ate the file systems. Use newfs(8) and mount(8) for NetBSD file systems, and hhffssttoooollss to create and mount HFS file systems. ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//ppaacckkaaggeess//ppkkggssrrcc//ssyyssuuttiillss//hhffssuuttiillss//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll Make the following partitions: _A_/_U_X _S_w_a_p Any size. The recommendation is your RAM size, although this is not strictly nec- essary for machines with a lot of RAM. NetBSD interprets an _A_/_U_X _S_w_a_p partition as the second partition (_b) on the disk. This partition is not readable from MacOS. _A_/_U_X _U_s_e_r and _A_/_U_X _F_r_e_e_1 Use these for any additional partitions you may want to use under NetBSD, such as _/_u_s_r (at least 200 MB), _/_h_o_m_e, _/_u_s_r_/_l_o_c_a_l, or _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g. NetBSD inter- prets these partitions as normal NetBSD -style partitions. These partitions are not readable from MacOS. _H_F_S Any size. You may want to leave an addi- tional partition available to transfer files between MacOS and NetBSD. If would like to create such a partition, then see the Partitioning HOW-TO. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//PPoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ppaarrttiittiioonniinngg..hhttmmll##mmssddooss _U_F_S Any size. _U_F_S partitions are not read- able from MacOS versions prior to X 10.0.0. If you use an _U_F_S partition as your root, then it may not be recognized by the NetBSD kernel as the first parti- tion (_a) on the disk. You will need to compile a new kernel with the root parti- tion explicitly defined to be the _U_F_S partition. Now would be a good time to use ppddiisskk to determine the partition numbers for your bootloader and kernel. _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _t_h_e _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1 _o_r _2 _B_o_o_t_a_b_l_e _M_e_d_i_a The purpose of this section is to prepare the media from which your sys- tem will boot the installer. We'll describe how to put the files in the right places on your disk(s) or netboot server and prepare it for use on your system. If you will be running your system diskless (i.e. entirely over NFS, not using any local hard drives), then you do not need to run the installer, you only need to extract the distribution sets on the diskless server. To get the distribution sets onto appropriate media, see the above sec- tion entitled _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m _o_n _t_o _U_s_e_f_u_l _M_e_d_i_a. You may want to get the distribution sets when you create the bootable media. _N_o_t_e_: Some MacOS ffttpp clients default to downloading files in `ASCII' mode. This will render the NetBSD files useless. Make sure to set your ftp program to download in `binary' mode. What follows are the steps to create different types of bootable media for the NetBSD install kernel. You should only need to create one of these to get your system to boot the installer ++oo _C_r_e_a_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D_/_m_a_c_p_p_c _C_D_-_R Go to one of the NetBSD mirror sites and download the CD-R image _m_a_c_p_p_c_c_d_._i_s_o from the _p_u_b_/_N_e_t_B_S_D_/_i_s_o directory. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmiirrrroorrss//##iissoo -- _F_r_o_m _a_n _U_N_I_X_-_l_i_k_e _m_a_c_h_i_n_e Get and install cdrecord. NetBSD users should install it from the package collection. Other UNIX -like systems should get it from the official website: ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//ppaacckkaaggeess//ppkkggssrrcc//ssyyssuuttiillss//ccddrreeccoorrdd//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll hhttttpp::////wwwwww..ffookkuuss..ggmmdd..ddee//rreesseeaarrcchh//cccc//gglloonnee//eemmppllooyyeeeess//jjooeerrgg..sscchhiilllliinngg//pprriivvaattee//ccddrreeccoorrdd..hhttmmll # ccddrreeccoorrdd --vv ssppeeeedd==44 ddeevv==//ddeevv//ccdd11cc mmaaccppppccccdd..iissoo You will need to substitute the correct name of the disk image file, speed for your CD writer, and the correct device for your syst